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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Mammographic screening has improved breast cancer survival in the screened age group. This improved survival has not been seen in older women (>70 years) where

screening uptake is low. This study explores the views, knowledge and attitudes of older women towards screening. METHODS: Women (>70 years) were interviewed about breast screening.

Interview findings informed the development of a questionnaire that was sent to 1000 women (>70 years) to quantify their views regarding screening. RESULTS: Twenty-six women were

interviewed and a questionnaire was designed. The questionnaire response rate was 48.3% (479 out of 992). Over half (52.9%, 241 out of 456) of the respondents were unaware that they could

request a mammography by voluntary self-referral and were unaware how to arrange this. Most (81.5%, 383 out of 470) had not attended breast screening since turning 70 years. Most (75.6%, 343

out of 454) felt screening was beneficial and would attend if invited. Most (90.1%, 412 out of 457) felt screening should be offered to all women regardless of age or health. CONCLUSIONS:

There is a lack of knowledge about screening in older women. The majority felt that invitation to screening should be extended to the older age group regardless of age or health. The current

under-utilised system of voluntary self-referral is not supported by older women. SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS HEALTH BENEFITS AND HARMS OF MAMMOGRAPHY SCREENING IN OLDER WOMEN

(75+ YEARS)—A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Article Open access 29 November 2023 BENEFITS AND HARMS OF ANNUAL, BIENNIAL, OR TRIENNIAL BREAST CANCER MAMMOGRAPHY SCREENING FOR WOMEN AT AVERAGE RISK OF

BREAST CANCER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW FOR THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION INITIATIVE ON BREAST CANCER (ECIBC) Article Open access 26 November 2021 PERCEIVED BARRIERS AND FACTORS INFLUENCING UPTAKE OF

BREAST CANCER SCREENING AMONG WOMEN: A POPULATION-BASED CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY Article Open access 29 May 2024 MAIN One third of all breast cancers in the United Kingdom are diagnosed in

women over 70 years (ONS, 2005). Older women present with the disease at a later stage than their younger counterparts (Diab et al, 2000; Wyld et al, 2004). The mortality for breast cancer

has fallen in most age groups, due both to screening and improved adjuvant therapies. This improved survival has not been seen in older women and mortality is increasing in women over 85

years (DoH, 2009). This may be due to older women being less aware of breast symptoms (Siapush and Singh, 2002), or the lack of screening, both of which may contribute to later diagnosis. In

addition, adjuvant chemotherapy and trastuzumab are rarely offered to women over 70 years in the United Kingdom (Cheung et al, 2009). In the United Kingdom, the NHS Breast Screening

Programme (NHS BSP) invites all women for triennial mammographic screening between 50 and 70 years of age (extension to age 73 years is planned). Once a woman reaches 70 years, she may

continue to have screening, but only if she requests it. The introduction of breast screening has reduced the death rate from breast cancer by 25–39% in the screened age group, (Tabar et al,

2003) with 5-year survival rates for screen detected cancers of 96% compared with 70% for cancer presenting symptomatically (BASO, 2006). However, there is little direct evidence that

screening is of benefit to older women. Galit et al (2007) reported that screening women aged 75–84 years was associated with a reduced breast cancer mortality. However, others have failed

to show this association (Badgwell et al, 2008; Schonberg et al, 2009). In older women, the influence of competing causes of death may reduce any potential gain from early detection.

However, screening does result in the diagnosis of smaller, earlier stage cancers in older women (Galit et al, 2007) and a significantly reduced mastectomy rate (27% screened _vs_ 52%

symptomatic; Cheung et al, 2009). The evidence is now very compelling that breast screening does overdiagnose cancers: that is it identifies cancers that would not have presented

symptomatically in the women's lifetime. The rate of this occurrence is of the order of 25–40% (Morrell et al, 2009; Gotzsche et al, 2009). For these women, the harms of screening are

very real: the unnecessary treatment that may include mastectomy, the use of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and psychological distress (Gotzsche et al, 2009). In the United Kingdom, breast

screening uptake in the over 70 years is low with only half of older women aware that they are eligible for screening and only 19% aware of how they can access the service (Kumar et al,

2004). Knowledge about breast cancer is also poor in older women (Grunfeld et al, 2002), particularly knowledge about breast cancer symptoms and level of risk (Linsell et al, 2008). Many

older women believe that they are less susceptible than younger women (Mah and Bryant, 1992). In summary, mammographic screening rates are much lower in women over 70 years, contributing to

a later stage at diagnosis and a worse prognosis. At present, we know little about the factors that may prompt older UK women to attend for screening. The aim of this study was to examine

the views, knowledge and attitudes of older women (>70 years) towards mammographic breast screening. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethics committee approval was obtained. Written informed consent

was obtained for each interview. Consent for the questionnaire was presumed if the questionnaire was completed. The interview schedule and postal questionnaire were developed by the study

team and piloted on members of a local Consumer Research Panel (Collins et al, 2006) to ensure content and face validity (Ritchie and Spencer, 2003). Both methods explored the participants’

knowledge and views towards breast screening, factors influencing uptake and views regarding the current format and organisation of screening for women over 70 years. The interview themes

extracted were used to construct a questionnaire that was extended to a wider population of older women to determine attitudes and correlations with patient characteristics. Most of the

questions were constructed as a statement with a Likert format for the response. QUALITATIVE INTERVIEWS An interview schedule was used to guide discussion to the issues of interest (breast

cancer, screening, current and preferred screening arrangements). In-depth, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 26 purposively selected older women (>70 years) from out

patient clinics (surgical, medical, breast) in one UK hospital. Inclusion criteria were the following: female, aged over 70 years, able to read and write in English and able to give informed

consent. Exclusion criteria were the following: moderate or severe cognitive impairment. Recruitment ceased once data saturation had occurred. The interviews were recorded and transcribed.

Analysis followed the National Centre for Social Research ‘Framework’ approach to identify recurrent themes (Ritchie and Spencer, 2003). All interviews and data analysis were undertaken by

two senior researchers (KC and MW). A thematic index was drawn up and applied to the data. Data were entered into thematic charts and examined to allow interpretation of the data and to

identify any relationships between themes. POSTAL QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY The questionnaire was devised from themes generated from the qualitative interviews, a systematic literature review and

expertise from the study team. The questionnaire comprised 64 questions (with mainly 5-point Likert scale response options) divided into the following sections: demographic details and

health characteristics, breast cancer risk factors, past and current breast screening attendance, knowledge and views about breast screening and views about alternative methods of arranging

screening for older women. To maximise salience, content and face validity, ease of administration and acceptability of the questionnaire (Boynton and Greenhalgh, 2004), it was piloted on

eight members of the North Trent Cancer Research Network Consumer Research Panel (Collins et al, 2006). Sampling was through GP practice lists. For the purposes of sample size estimation, we

assumed that the primary outcome from the questionnaire survey of older women was to estimate the proportion of women in this age group who would like to have further screening. We assume

that this proportion was around 50%, and to estimate this within ±5% (i.e. 95% confidence interval (CI): 45–55%) required around 400 responders to the survey. The questionnaire was

distributed to 1000 women, assuming a 40% response rate, to meet the recruitment target of 400 women. Practices identified all women on the practice list aged over 70 years, but excluded

women with significant cognitive impairment. Eligible patients were sent the questionnaire by post. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS version 17)

using descriptive data to summarise clinical characteristics of the responders. The _χ_2 test was used to examine associations between attitudes to screening and categorical variables (such

as age, breast cancer risk category, functional status and number of co-morbidities). Other outcomes from the survey, such as the number and proportion in this age group who would like to

have mammograms, were reported along with the associated 95% CI. RESULTS QUALITATIVE INTERVIEWS One hundred and four eligible women were approached for interview and 26 consented (25%).

Interview duration ranged from 20 to 60 min. The age range was 70–90 years (median 75 years). All participants were white European. Seven of the 26 women had a history of breast cancer.

Fifteen were regular attenders and 11 were non-regular attenders of breast screening up to the age of 70 years. Since reaching 70 years, five women had self-referred for screening. There

were no identified variations between the different age subgroups: under 75 years, between 76–85 years or older than 85 years or between women with or without a history of breast cancer. The

thematic frame categorised the data into five themes: breast awareness and behaviour (including risks and benefits), breast screening knowledge and uptake, views about screening over 70

years (important factors influencing women's decisions) and views of the current system of self-referral. The interview findings are presented alongside the questionnaire data below.

QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY _Respondent characteristics_ During 2009, 1000 questionnaires were posted to all eligible women over 70 years registered with four participating GP Practices. The

overall response rate to the questionnaire survey was 48.7% (479 out of 983). No reminders were sent out. Therefore, we were unable to compare the characteristics of responders and

non-responders in terms of screening views, age or health status. The median age of respondents was 75 years (range 70–95 years). Respondent characteristics are shown in Table 1. No

significant differences in responses were found between age cohort and women with or without a history of breast cancer. Most respondents reported having at least one long-term health

problem (87.7%, 420 out of 479), 53.2% (255 out of 479) >2 health problems, 27.9% (134 out of 479) 3–4 health problems, 6.5% (31 out of 479) reported ⩾5 health problems. Just over three

quarters of the respondents (76.2%, 359 out of 471) were functionally independent. _Breast awareness and behaviour_ The overwhelming message from both the interviews and questionnaires was

of a lack of knowledge about both breast cancer and breast screening: in terms of risks, how to access screening and how to examine themselves. Sixty-two percent (297 out of 479; 95% CI:

58–66%) of women indicated that they believed the NHS would have invited them for breast screening over the age of 70 years if it would benefit them. > ‘They said to me we ‘shan’t be 

sending for you again, because > we don’t send for people after 65 years old’, and at the time I > thought ‘Oh, well fair enough. That must be the time that they > think you are out

 of danger.’ (ID 07, age 75 years) Most of the women were unaware that breast cancer risk increases with age: 41.5% (193 out of 479) said that they did not know, 34.6% (161 out of 479)

thought that the risk was the same and 14.2% (_n_=66 out of 479) thought that the risk was lower in women over 70 years. > ‘I have always had the thought, that as you get older these 

things > don’t get hold of you the same…that they’re not likely to kill > you the same as a younger person. I don’t know whether that's > right or not.’ (ID 03, age 82 years)

Rates of breast self-examination were low, with only 23.6% (112 out of 474) examining themselves regularly compared with 51.7% (_n_=245) occasionally or rarely and 27% (129 out of 478)

never. The older women (>85 years) were less likely to examine their breasts (55%) compared with the younger age group 70–74 years (78.4%). Most felt that they did know how to perform

self-examination, 80.8% (350 out of 433) having learnt from a range of sources: 58.1% (112 out of 193) by a nurse; 23.3% (45 out of 193) by their GP; 9.3% by a hospital doctor and 9.3% (18

out of 193) through the media, either TV or magazines). _Breast screening knowledge and uptake_ Most respondents (73.1%, 328 out of 449; CI: 69–77%) had regularly attended breast screening

when eligible (Table 2), particularly the younger age group (94.4%, 70–74 years). Of the women who had attended routine breast screening 19.6% (74 out of 378) stated that they had been

anxious about attending, 44.6% (169 out of 379) stated that the mammogram was uncomfortable, with 23.3% (88 out of 378) describing it as painful. However, despite this, the majority of women

(71.2%, 270 out of 446) appreciated the reassurance that they did not have breast disease. Most (81.5%, 383 out of 470; CI: 77.8–84.8%) had not attended breast screening since turning 70

years and the rate fell as age increased (Table 2). Women with a history of breast cancer were significantly more likely to be advised by a HCP to attend breast screening since becoming 70

years (_P_<0.001) than women without a history of breast cancer and more likely to be called back for further tests (_P_<0.001). Reasons for non-attendance are shown in Table 3. Both

interview and survey data suggested that women were uncertain about eligibility for breast screening. Just over half the women (52.9%, 241 out of 456) were unaware that they could request

mammography or knew how to access it. Of those that were aware of the service 45.8% (70 out of 153) were told at their previous screening visit, 21.6% (33 out of 153) had heard about it

through the media, 13.1% (20 out of 153) had been told by family or friends, 9.2% (14 out of 153) were told by their GP and the remaining 10.6% (16 out of 153) from a combination of the

above. _Views about screening in women over 70 years_ Most women (75.6%, 343 out of 454; CI: 71.4–79.3%) felt that breast screening was beneficial and would attend if invited. Benefits

expressed within the interviews suggested that the most influential factor for attending screening was to increase life expectancy. Women also believed that if breast cancer was detected

early, major surgery and longer hospitalisation could be avoided. Women also talked about their wish to maintain optimal quality of life and gain some ‘peace of mind’ knowing that they were

clear of breast disease (Figure 1). > ‘Just piece of mind really, just the hope that they’re not going > to find anything, and if there was anything that they would, that it > was 

early enough, for them to do something about it.’ (ID 15, age > 78 years) In contrast, few women were aware of possible risks of screening (5.5%, 23 out of 419). Despite prompting, most

women could only think of the potential radiation risk and transient procedure related pain and discomfort. The survey data found 99.2% (379 out of 382) were not worried by the possible

health risks associated with having a mammogram. Almost two thirds of women (61.6%, 261 out of 424; CI: 56.8–66.0%) said they would forget to attend screening without an invitation with most

(74.1%, _n_=321) preferring a reminder letter every 3 years to prompt them to attend. > ‘I’m very bad at remembering. If I had a reminder to say go on > so and so date I’d be much 

better at keeping the appointment.’ > (ID 01, age 70 years) Some (25.6%, 102 out of 399) were discouraged from attending because of transport difficulties (either public transport,

parking problems) or not wishing to burden family members, 24.7% 104 out of 420). Within the interviews, several women talked about the generational issue and the embarrassment of being

undressed in front of professionals. > ‘Women of my age are not accustomed to examining themselves. It's > not something that we did… now you see they are telling younger > 

women that they should examine themselves regularly for lumps but we > weren’t ever. I doubt whether many of my friends, or anybody of my > age does that. It's just not something 

that you do, it's a bit > indelicate...and just this idea of somebody sort of feeling around > your breasts...it's a lot to do with your childhood. You mustn’t > undress 

in front of somebody else. You mustn’t let somebody else > see your body.’ (ID 30, age 80 years) However, the survey found that privacy (11.8%, 51 out of 431) or embarrassment (7.8%, 33

out of 421) were relatively uncommon reasons for not wishing to be screened. Significant differences in these attitudinal responses were found between women with or without a history of

breast cancer. Women with a history of cancer were less likely to be discouraged from attending screening because of privacy (_P_=0.023) or embarrassment (_P_=0.015). _Preferences for

screening organisation_ The overwhelming view across both the interview and questionnaire data was that breast screening should be offered to all women indefinitely and regardless of age,

health status or fitness (90.1%, 412 out of 457; CI: 87.0–92.6%). Women did not wish to be exposed to age discrimination (Figure 2). No significant differences in preference responses were

found between women with or without a history of breast cancer. > ‘It's like being penalised if you’re ill … it's like saying > … you’ll probably pop your clogs or something 

will happen so > we’ll not bother calling you.’ (ID 36, age 78 years) The interviews give greater insight into these areas and emphasised the importance women gave to their right to chose

for themselves. They indicated that although they would be willing to discuss the risks and benefits of breast screening with their general practitioner, they would not want them to make

decisions on their behalf. They wanted increased information to allow them to make an _informed_ decision themselves. The women interviewed were asked about their views (Figure 2) and

preferences (Table 4) of several models of screening service for women over 70 years. Again, this confirms their strong preference for unrestricted screening with 42.9% (178 out of 415),

indicating their preference for automatic recall extended indefinitely regardless of age or health status. There was no association between functional status or long-term health problems and

the desire to continue to attend breast screening over 70 years if invited. No association was found between individual preferences and functional status, long-term health problems and

number of medications taken. Preference for recall options by age are shown in Table 4. There was a trend (_P_=0.044) for women with a history of breast cancer to have a stronger preference

for indefinite automatic 3 yearly recall regardless of health status and for GPs to discuss screening and advice, than women without a history of breast cancer. As indicated in the

Introduction, automatic recall for breast screening will extend to age 73 years during 2010 in the United Kingdom. Almost all the women interviewed (25 out of 26) and questionnaire surveyed

(90.4%, 377 out of 417) were unaware of this. Although women were generally positive about this extension, overwhelmingly they questioned what the rationale was for only extending the

current system by 3 years and why screening was not routinely offered to all women regardless of age. > ‘Why 73?…Well you’re on the scrap heap… I think it should be > for everybody 

whatever age, however old, whatever their health.’ > (ID 07, age 78 years) DISCUSSION This study has identified important issues in relation to mammographic screening in the over 70-year

age group. The use of both qualitative and quantitative methods complemented each other by enabling both an in-depth exploration of the views of this older group of women as well as enabling

these issues to be tested and quantified on a larger more generalisible population of older women. There are several limitations to this study. The study purposively included some women

with breast cancer in the interviews to draw out themes of importance to women who had personal experience of the disease. Any bias this may have introduced to the interviews will have been

nullified by the larger numeric sampling of the questionnaires, where the incidence of cancer reflected the population norm. The response rate to the questionnaire was 48%. This

questionnaire was distributed through general practitioners to a general population of older women. The study was set up assuming a 40% response rate to meet the recruitment target of 400

women to power statistical analysis and this was achieved. Because of the study design, possible differences between responders and non-responders could not be determined. This introduces

the possibility of response bias. It is possible that those who thought screening was a good idea responded, whereas those who were less enthusiastic may not have responded and are therefore

not represented in the findings. GP Practices were selected to be involved in the study on the basis of their patient population being of mixed social, economic and ethnicity. The

questionnaire did not specifically ask the women questions relating to their socio-economic status or ethnic groups. However, it is acknowledged that this information would have been helpful

in providing useful social and ethnic distribution data. Although the study aimed to explore the views of women over 70 years, the median age was only 75 years (range 70–95 years). Our data

may under-represent the views of the oldest old (over 85 years), where response rates were proportionately lower than expected based on population age distributions. Our sample also had a

lower than expected prevalence of women with a history of breast cancer although the proportions of women saying they had regularly attended breast screening between 50 and 70 years of age

was similar to the UK National BSP acceptance rates. Because of the absence of a validated, questionnaire specifically exploring views of mammographic screening in older women, a

questionnaire was developed based on the interview data, literature, the expertise within the study team and piloting. The questionnaire did not undergo psychometric testing for reliability

and validity. However, face and content validity were ensured by piloting in the target group through qualitative interviewing. Consistent with earlier research (Linsell et al, 2008), breast

knowledge and awareness was relatively poor within this study. For example, almost half of the respondents did not know whether the risk of developing breast cancer was higher, lower or the

same as younger women. The interviews indicated that only specific breast symptoms such as a lump or tenderness would alert women to seek medical advice. Non-lump symptoms (redness,

puckering, change in breast size, nipple discharge) were not viewed as significant. The study also suggests that women remain uncertain about eligibility to attend for breast screening after

they become 70 years of age. Very few women could recall receiving information about breast screening either when they attended their last breast screening visit (before reaching 70 years)

or in the years following. However, the fact that breast screening was established 20 years ago (extending up to age 65 years initially) means that women over the age of 65 years at the time

(and now therefore 85 years) will have had no exposure to screening and therefore might account for the lower levels of knowledge in this age group. At present, when women attend for their

final invited screening visit, they should be given information about the availability of screening by self-referral beyond age 70 years. Less than half of the respondents recalled such

information being given, suggesting that the present system is ineffective. Most women had not attended screening since becoming 70 years, and had assumed that breast screening was no longer

necessary because they had not received an invitation. However, just over a fifth of women (22.2%) said that they simply ‘did not want bothering’ with breast screening at their age. This is

supported by the interview data, which suggested that there was a group of women who did not wish to be screened. The interviews indicated that these women presumed that they were no longer

at risk of breast cancer when the recall notices for mammogram ceased. The majority of women (75.6%) felt that breast screening would be beneficial to their health and would continue breast

screening if invited. Almost three in four women surveyed (74.1%) indicated a preference for a postal reminder letter every 3 years. Both interview and survey data suggested that this was

because the women were worried they would forget to request an appointment every 3 years. A recent study indicates that reminder letters from the family doctor are effective in increasing

screening uptake in the 50–69-year age group (Kaczorowski et al, 2009). The concept of informed choice and a strong desire not to be discriminated against age was evident. However, despite

strong views about wanting personal choice, there was also an acknowledgement that some women with debilitating and chronic illness might prefer not to be subjected to further procedures.

Current research on how co-morbidity and chronic illness affects screening uptake is variable and conflicting, with some evidence for low screening rates in women with functional impairment

(Bynum et al, 2005). However, most women in the current study tended not to take into account the influence of co-morbidity and functional limitations because they wished to avoid ageism,

similar to earlier findings (Heflin et al, 2002). Women seemed unaware of the impact of non-breast major illness on life expectancy and thus, the presence of co-morbid illness did not

significantly decrease the desire to be invited for future screening. As Ramirez (2008) pointed out in their study evaluating psycho-educational interventions to promote early presentation

of patients with breast cancer, it is important that women are not made unnecessarily anxious by these interventions. However, with regard to promoting levels of awareness of the

self-referral system in women over 70 years, future work evaluating the effectiveness of targeted information is urgently needed as the present system is clearly ineffective. The

International Society for Geriatric Oncology recommends screening be available up to age 75 years, with individualised decision making beyond this based on patient preference, physiological

age and life expectancy (Wildiers et al, 2007). The planned extension of the NHS BSP upper age limit to 73 years, will put the United Kingdom more in line with this, but steps need to be

taken to educate older women about the availability of screening on demand beyond this age, so that they can make an informed choice about whether to continue to attend. In conclusion, the

study indicates a lack of knowledge about breast cancer diagnosis and uncertainty and confusion about eligibility to attend for screening. There may be a need to consider providing

up-to-date high-quality targeted information regarding breast screening for women over age 70 years, to enable informed choice about attending for mammographic screening. The study also

shows the reluctance of patients to have their general practitioner acting as a gatekeeper to access to mammography screening. The prevailing view expressed being that that this group of

women wanted increased information about the benefits and risks of screening to feel able to make their own _informed_ decision as to whether they would wish to attend. It denoted the

importance these women placed on their perceptions of self-worth, of feeling that they are still significant in society whatever be their age. The study indicates the need for improved

delivery and dissemination of information to improve knowledge and awareness of the risks and benefits and the availability of screening. The current system of voluntary self-referral does

not seem to be appropriate for this age group. CHANGE HISTORY * _ 16 NOVEMBER 2011 This paper was modified 12 months after initial publication to switch to Creative Commons licence terms, as

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breast cancer: compliance with guidelines. _Br J Cancer_ 90: 1486–1491 Article  CAS  Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The National Institute for Health Research funded

the study. Thanks are due to staff from participating Sheffield GP Practices (The White House Surgery, Bluebell Medical Centre, Foxhill Medical Centre, Ecclesfield Group Practice) and all

the women who generously gave their time to take part in the interviews or questionnaires. We gratefully acknowledge the input of the North Trent Cancer Research Network Consumer Research

Panel for their contributions to the study. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Centre for Health and Social Care Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Faculty of Health and

Wellbeing, 32 Collegiate Crescent, S10 2BP, Sheffield, UK K Collins * Academic Unit of Supportive Care, Sykes House, University of Sheffield, Little Common Lane, S11 9NE, Sheffield, UK M

Winslow * Academic Surgical Oncology Unit, University of Sheffield, K Floor, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, S10 2JF, Sheffield, UK M W Reed & L Wyld * School of Health and Related Research,

University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, S1 4DA, Sheffield, UK S J Walters * Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (Ageing and Stroke Medicine), University of Leicester,

Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, LE5 4PW, Leicester, UK T Robinson * Academic Unit of Primary Health Care, University of Bristol, Cotham House, Cotham Hill Bristol, BS6 6JL, UK J

Madan * The North Trent Cancer Research Network, Consumer Research Panel, Academic Unit of Supportive Care, Sykes House, Little Common Lane, S11 9NE, Sheffield, UK T Green & H Cocker

Authors * K Collins View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * M Winslow View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed 

Google Scholar * M W Reed View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * S J Walters View author publications You can also search for this author

inPubMed Google Scholar * T Robinson View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * J Madan View author publications You can also search for this

author inPubMed Google Scholar * T Green View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * H Cocker View author publications You can also search for this

author inPubMed Google Scholar * L Wyld View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to L Wyld. ETHICS

DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no conflict of interest. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS From twelve months after its original publication, this work is licensed under the

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Reprints and permissions

ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Collins, K., Winslow, M., Reed, M. _et al._ The views of older women towards mammographic screening: a qualitative and quantitative study. _Br J Cancer_

102, 1461–1467 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605662 Download citation * Received: 17 December 2009 * Revised: 23 March 2010 * Accepted: 24 March 2010 * Published: 11 May 2010 *

Issue Date: 11 May 2010 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605662 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry,

a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative KEYWORDS * breast cancer * oncology *

older age * mammographic screening