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ABSTRACT Porphyry deposits are large, low-grade metal ore bodies that are formed from hydrothermal fluids derived from an underlying magma reservoir. They are important as major sources of

critical metals for industry and society, such as copper and gold. However, the magmatic and redox processes required to form economic-grade porphyry deposits remain poorly understood. In

this Review, we discuss advances in understanding crustal magmatic conditions that favour the formation of porphyry Cu deposits at subduction zones. Chalcophile metal fertility of

mantle-derived arc magmas is primarily modulated by the amount and nature of residual sulfide phases in the mantle wedge during partial melting. Crustal thickness influences the longevity of

lower crustal magma reservoirs and the sulfide saturation history. For example, in thick crust, prolonged magma activity with hydrous and oxidized evolving magmas increases ore potential,

whereas thin crust favours high chalcophile element fertility, owing to late sulfide saturation. A shallow depth (<7 km) of fluid exsolution might play a role in increasing Au

precipitation efficiency, as immiscible sulfide melts act as a transient storage of chalcophile metals and liberate them to ore fluids. Future studies should aim to identify the predominant

sulfide phases in felsic systems to determine their influence on the behaviour of chalcophile elements during magma differentiation. KEY POINTS * Prolonged injection of hydrous basaltic

magmas and accumulation of andesitic magmas in the mid to lower crust are prerequisites to forming large porphyry deposits because these processes are required to maintain a long-lived

magmatic system and associated hydrothermal activity in the shallow crust. * Crustal thickness influences the duration and volume of magma activity, timing of sulfide saturation, chalcophile

element fertility and emplacement depth of porphyry intrusions. * Thick crusts (>40 km) increase porphyry Cu ore potential by producing voluminous and hydrous magmas in long-lived (≥2–3 

Ma) mid to lower crustal magma reservoirs at ∼30–70 km depth, which can result in the formation of supergiant to giant porphyry Cu deposits if a combination of other ore-forming conditions

is fulfilled. * In thin crust (<40 km), late sulfide saturation and high chalcophile element fertility in shallow magma reservoirs (∼5–15 km depth) increase Au-rich porphyry Cu ore

potential. * Immiscible sulfide melts can act as temporary metal storage locations when the sulfide melts and exsolved fluids interact in shallow magma reservoirs. * Depth of porphyry

emplacement (∼1–7 km), magma alkalinity and Au fertility control Au endowments in porphyry Cu deposits Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription

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* Log in * Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS A RAPID CHANGE IN MAGMA PLUMBING TAPS PORPHYRY COPPER

DEPOSIT-FORMING MAGMAS Article Open access 14 October 2022 PORPHYRY COPPER FORMATION DRIVEN BY WATER-FLUXED CRUSTAL MELTING DURING FLAT-SLAB SUBDUCTION Article Open access 04 November 2024

SULFUR AND CHLORINE BUDGETS CONTROL THE ORE FERTILITY OF ARC MAGMAS Article Open access 21 July 2022 REFERENCES * Arndt, N. T. et al. Future global mineral resources. _Geochem. Perspect.

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references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS J.-W.P. was supported by a fund from the Korea Government Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2019R1A2C1009809). I.H.C. was supported by an Australian Research

Council Discovery Grant (DP17010340). H.H. acknowledges the support from Brain Pool Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT

(2019H1D3A1A01102977). M.C. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (200020_162415, 200021_169032). The authors thank J. H. Seo for their discussion and comments on

the manuscript. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Jung-Woo Park * Research

Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Jung-Woo Park & Hongda Hao * Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra,

Australia Ian H. Campbell * Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Massimo Chiaradia * Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice

University, Houston, TX, USA Cin-Ty Lee Authors * Jung-Woo Park View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Ian H. Campbell View author

publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Massimo Chiaradia View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Hongda Hao

View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Cin-Ty Lee View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

CONTRIBUTIONS J.-W.P., I.H.C. and M.C. substantially contributed to the discussion and writing of the manuscript. H.H. and C.-T.L. contributed to the discussion of the content and reviewed

the manuscript before submission. H.H. and M.C. compiled the data sets and drafted the figures. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Jung-Woo Park. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS

The authors declare no competing interests. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION PEER REVIEW INFORMATION _Nature Reviews Earth & Environment_ thanks E. Melekhova, J. Mungall and J. Dilles (who

co-reviewed with M. Campbell) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. PUBLISHER’S NOTE Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps

and institutional affiliations. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION GLOSSARY * Sulfide saturation Silicate melt becomes saturated with a sulfide phase, normally an immiscible

sulfide melt, and segregates from the silicate melt. * Hydrothermal system A system that redistributes energy and mass by circulation of hot, water-rich fluid. * Differentiation Processes

that lead to changes in magma composition, such as fractional crystallization, crustal assimilation, recharge and mixing. * Fluid exsolution A process through which water-rich fluid

separates from silicate melt. * Metasomatized Metamorphic processes that change the chemical composition of a rock in a pervasive manner by interaction with aqueous fluids. * Chalcophile

elements Elements that have a high affinity with sulfur and form sulfide minerals or partition strongly into immiscible sulfide melts. * Monosulfide solid solution A high-temperature

(>∼600 °C) sulfide phase that is mainly composed of Fe with minor Ni and Cu. * Fractionation Removal and segregation of a mineral from a melt. * Oxygen fugacity (_f_O2) Partial pressure

of oxygen in a given environment. * Cumulates Igneous rocks formed by accumulation of crystals from magma. * Adakite An intermediate to felsic volcanic rock that has geochemical signatures

of magma thought to be produced by partial melting of altered basalt. * Subduction erosion Removal of upper plate materials in active continental margins. * Delamination Detachment of lower

crust and/or mantle lithosphere from the continental crust. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Park, JW., Campbell, I.H., Chiaradia, M. _et

al._ Crustal magmatic controls on the formation of porphyry copper deposits. _Nat Rev Earth Environ_ 2, 542–557 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00182-8 Download citation *

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